Many people, some famous but most not so famous, notice the existence of psychological polarity from time to time. No historian can document the unrecorded ideas of the long forgotten masses. But we can collect and annotate passages of literature that show glimmers of awareness of this dimenion of the human personality.

Thinkers uncover new truths. Men of action don't do this, true, but they can lampoon ignorance. Often such iconoclastic disillusioning tickles audiences into taking fresh looks at situations long thought settled. So we'll note a related trend when humorists like Douglas Adams and Garrison Keillor simply make fun of the silly idea that all men should be psychologically masculine and all women psychologically feminine — an outdated model that could well be called "heterosexism".

Most writers who mention psychological polarity do so only in passing and don't go on to write ground-breaking theoretical treatises on the subject. In fact, most of them probably don't realize that their observations express an essential dynamic of human nature rather than a cultural or historical anomaly. But for any historian of the subject, the following quotations and excerpts must seem like the smoke that seeps up from underbrush before actual flames have erupted in human consciousness. Newton wasn't the first, after all, to be hit on the noggin with a falling apple. He was just the first to make a big fuss about it.

Years that are approximate are preceeded by a cedilla ('~').

Popular Character Type Sytems
(repurposed from Wikipedia)

A Timeline of Polarity Awareness

The Deity said, "O sinless one! I have already declared, that in this world there is a twofold path — that of the by devotion in the shape of true ; and that of the by devotion in the shape of ."

According to the ideas of the Taoistic religion, Tao is divided into a principle pair of opposites, and . Yang is warmth, light, masculinity. Yin is cold, darkness, femininity. Yang is also heaven, Yin earth. From the Yang force arises , the celestial portion of the human soul; and from the Yin force arises , the earthly part.
— Tao-te-king

Joseph Campbell, among others, points out that the symbol for Yin and Yang shows that each quality has a little of its opposite in it, otherwise it could not relate to its opposite at all. develop (introverted dreaming) and (extroverted frenzy) traditions.
Watch a French animated movie called "The Speech Of Aristophanes (Plato, Symposium 189d-191d)".

Galen identifies four temperaments due to body fluids or humors:

sanguine: enthusiastic due to strength of the blood.
choleric: irritable due to yellow bile.
phlegmatic: apathetic due to phlegm.
melancholic: sad due to black bile.

Between ourselves, there are two things that I have always observed to be in singular accord: and .

In L'Allegro and Il Penseroso, Milton contrasts the and the .

The discovery of what is and the practice of that which is are the two most important objects of philosophy.

The word was used for thousands of years as an analog of , even by Plato. It was Paul who realized that is a feminine property and a more accurate word for the analog of truth.

Men will never be free till the last is strangled with the entrails of the last .

Moral philosophy, or the science of human nature, may be treated after two different manners; each of which has its peculiar merit, and may contribute to the entertainment, instruction, and reformation of mankind. The one considers man chiefly as born for ; and as influenced in his measures by taste and sentiment; pursuing one object, and avoiding another, according to the value which these objects seem to possess, and according to the light in which they present themselves The other species of philosophers consider man in the light of a rather than an active being, and endeavor to form his understanding more than cultivate his manners. They regard human nature as a subject of speculation; and with a narrow scrutiny examine it, in order to find those principles, which regulate our understanding, excite our sentiments, and make us to approve or blame any particular object, action, or behavior. They think it a reproach to all literature, that philosophy should not yet have fixed, beyond controversy, the foundation of morals, reasoning, and criticism; and should for ever talk of truth and falsehood, vice and virtue, beauty and deformity, without being able to determine the source of these distinctions. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding I have often said, and oftener think, that this world is a to those that think, a to those that feel — a solution of why laughed and wept. Horace Walpole letter to Sir Horace Mann (December 31, 1769)

"A favourite saying of Walpole's, often repeated in his letters, this might be derived from a similar statement attributed to Jean de La Bruyère, though unsourced: 'Life is a tragedy for those who feel, and a comedy for those who think'." . There are two classes of men: the prolific and the devouring. William Blake, Poetical Works, i, page 249

This brings me to a very remarkable psychological antagonism among men in an age of progressive civilization, an antagonism which, because it is radical and rooted in the innate emotional constitution, is the cause of a sharper cleavage among men than the accidental quarrel of interests could ever bring about in short an opposition which is responsible for the fact that no work of the mind and no deed of the heart can make a decisive success with one class, without thereby drawing upon it a condemnation from the other. This opposition is, without doubt, as old as the beginning of culture, and to the end it can hardly be otherwise Whoever counts himself among the former class can be called a , and whoever numbers himself with the latter an . Friedrich Schiller, Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man

In 1923 Jung will claim that this document shows Schiller's relationship with the more Goethe. Jung, Psychological Types, p. 102. Let the be told; let be done. Traditional closing of British petitions to the king, quoted in the last sentence of Paul Rosenfels' .

As a reply to Newton's theories, Goethe developed a Theory of Colour (Zur Farbenlehre, published in 1810), which became a personal obsession in his last years, and which he considered more important than his literary works, but which was not well received by contemporary scientists. Physiologists demonstrate the separate development of and nerves.

Let us affront and reprimand the smooth mediocrity and squalid contentment of the times, and hurl in the face of custom, and trade, and office, the fact which is the upshot of all history, that there is a great responsible and working wherever a man works; that a true man belongs to no other time or place, but is the centre of things. Where he is, there is nature. He measures you, and all men, and all events The soul raised over passion beholds identity and eternal causation, perceives the self-existence of and , and calms itself with knowing that all things go well. Self-Reliance

and ! These are not merely two systems; they are also types of two distinct human natures, which from immemorial time, under every sort of cloak, stand more or less inimically opposed. But pre-eminently the whole medieval period was riven by this conflict, persisting even to the present day; moreover, this battle is the most essential content of the history of the Christian Church. Though under different names, always and essentially it is of Plato and Aristotle that we speak. reveal Christian ideas and their corresponding symbols from the bottomless depths of their souls. build up from these ideas and symbols a solid system, a dogma and a cult. Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen

If some great Power would agree to make me always and , on condition of being turned into a sort of clock and wound up every morning before I got out of bed, I should instantly close with [ie. accept] the offer. Materialism and Idealism, "On Descartes' Discourse touching the method of using one's reason rightly and of seeking scientific truth" contrasts the Greek (introverted dreaming) and (extroverted frenzy) traditions. The Birth of Tragedy.

A defect running through [my father's] otherwise admirable modes of instruction, as it did through all his modes of thought, was that of trusting too much to the intelligibleness of the , when not embodied in the . The Autobiography.

There is first the literature of , and secondly, the literature of . The function of the first is — to ; the function of the second is — to . Biographical essays, and Essays on the Poets: Alexander Pope, Boston, J. R. Osgood and company. contrasts (forethinker, introvert) with (after-thinker, extrovert) types. Prometheus and Epimetheus [poem]. contrasts the with the .

There are two generic fundamental biases in character two conspicuous types of character one in which the tendency to is extreme and the tendency to reflection slight, and another in which the proneness to greatly predominates and the impulse for action is feebler. Character as seen in Body and Parentage, Third Edition. London: 1896. Page 5 divides psychoses into and varieties.

When there are two people of whom one can say , the other (almost) , it is only right that they should see each other and talk together often No one can replace the intercourse with a friend that a particular — and perhaps feminine — side of me demands. Freud, S. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1902. New York: Basic Books, 1977. p. 169, quoted by Paul Rosenfels in . contrasts with . Die zerebrale Sekundärfunktion, 1902. becomes the first American psychologist to insist on the importance of psychological polarity. In Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking [1907], he contrasts the following attributes of and personalities, attributes which are nearly identical in meaning to similar terms to be offered in the 1920's by Jung under the headings of and and in the 1960's by Paul Rosenfels under the headings and and, later, and :

The is only the expedient in the way of our thinking, just as is only the expedient in the way of our behaving. Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking (1911). contrasts with types. Grosse Männer, biographies of scientists, Leipzig.
The man who has the time, the discrimination, and the sagacity to collect and comprehend the principal facts and the man who must act upon them must draw near to one another and feel that they are engaged in a common enterprise. address to the American Political Science Association, December 27
What man's can create, man's can control.
It is from the of life that the highest are born. Ray Ginger, . Contribution a l'etude des Types psychologiques. Arch. de Psychologie, I, xiii, p.289. Have you ever been to New York, Hastings? New York? No. It is a beautiful city. Beautiful. There each street is at right angles to each avenue, and each avenue is numbered nicely: First, Second, Third, Fourth. Man is in command there. But here? How does one live with the fact that nature is untidy, uncontrolled, anarchic, inefficient? But that's what I like about it!
SPOILER ALERT: Poirot, being , likes to live in a well-ordered world. Hastings, being , likes living in a disordered world so he can rearrange it to his heart's content. Great writers like Agatha Christie always seem to have a tacit understanding of psychological polarity. contrasts with . Kretschmer's subtypes include "gushing jolly people" and "quiet humorists."
The existence of two distinct types is actually a fact that has long been known: a fact that in one form or another has dawned upon the observer of human nature or shed light upon the brooding reflection of the thinker; presenting itself, for example, to Goethe's intuition as the embracing principle of systole and diastole. The names and forms in which the mechanism of and has been conceived are extremely diverse, and are, as a rule, adapted only to the standpoint of the individual observer. Notwithstanding the diversity of the formulations, the common basis or fundamental idea shines constantly through; namely, in the one case an outward movement of interest toward the object, and in the other a movement of interest away from the object, towards the subject and his own psychological processes. Introduction to Psychological Types, page 11 (1923 English translation)
Thus in life there is ever the intellectual and the emotional nature — the mind that reasons, and the mind that feels. Of one come the men of — the generals and statesmen; of the other, the — artists all. Sister Carrie, 1900, page 462 of the 1961 Signet paperback edition
To reconcile the conflict between Freud's intuitionistic psychology and Adler's power (ie. ego) psychology, Jung postulates gender-free polarity.
In Psychological Types, first published in translation in 1923, Jung presents a comprehensive history of the "type problem" in psychology.
The existence of two distinct types is actually a fact that has long been known: a fact that in one form or another has dawned upon the observer of human nature or shed light upon the brooding reflection of the thinker; presenting itself, for example, to Goethe's intuition as the embracing principle of and . The names and forms in which the mechanism of introversion and extroversion has been conceived are extremely diverse, and are, as a rule, adapted only to the standpoint of the individual observer. Notwithstanding the diversity of the formulations, the common basis or fundamental idea shines constantly through; namely, in the one case an outward movement of interest toward the object, and in the other a movement of interest away from the object, towards the subject and his own psychological processes. Introduction to Psychological Types, page 11 (1923 English translation)
Hence with Freud the basic formula is , which expresses the strongest relation between subject and object; with Adler it is that of the subject which most effectively ensures him against the object, and gives to the subject an unassailable isolation which amputates every relation. Psychological Types, or, The Psychology of Individuation,
1923, p. 80 - 81

Attitudinal types: and .
Functional types: thinking, feeling, intuition, sensation. First pair is rational, second pair is irrational.

Jung's blind spot: he doesn't understand polar magnetism. His example of two polarized youths who come upon a castle in the wood, for example, as discussed in Two Essays on Analytical Psychology is schematic and not life-like. Jung says they will immediately separate because the extrovert will want to climb to the highest parapet while the introvert will be fightened and withdraw. If he had been more observant of real persons, he would have noticed that in divisive situations extroverts help introverts to rise above their helplessness, while introverts help extroverts pull back from their recklessness.
Wagner, the advocate of and Nietzsche, the advocate of both strive after similar goals, while at the same time creating irremediable discord, for, where love is, individual power can never prevail, while the dominating power of the individual precludes the reign of love. Psychological Types, page 298 contrasts those who have a tendency to [in the power of others] with those who have a tendency to [in the power of others]. Unleash the . Physique and Character, tr. by Spratt, W.J.H., Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London. A Bipolar Theory of Living Processes. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Women, Men
which is the rooster which is the hen
It's hard to tell 'em apart today
And SAY
Sister is busy learning to shave
Brother just loves his permanent wave
It's hard to tell 'em apart today
HEY HEY
Girls were girls and boys were boys
when i was a tot,
Now we don't know who is who or
even what's what
Knickers and trousers baggy and wide,
Nobody knows who's walking inside
Those Masculine Women, Feminine Men
Edgar Leslie (words) and James V. Monaco (music). Featured in Hugh J. Ward's 1926 musical comedy "Lady Be Good".
Animals studied by Americans rush about frantically, with an incredible display of , and at last achieve the desired result by chance. Animals observed by Germans sit still and think, and at last evolve the solution out of their . An Outline of Philosophy, as quoted on page 64 of Richard Kehl's 1990 quotation anthology entitled Further Departures A Bibliography of Character and Personality.
Sainsbury's The Theory of Polarity (G. P. Putnam, xiii, 224 p., 1927, second edition 1931), polarizes with , with , with , with , with , with , with , and with — just as Paul Rosenfels would do 30 years later.
There are, perhaps, no contrasts, be they never so subtle, never so slight, into which the theory we are advancing may not some day make its way. For the present, however, we must shut our eyes to that, focusing our attention on those contrasts which seem to imply a deep-seated necessity, on those contrasts on which our very life and all its values seem to hinge. Geoffrey Sainsbury, The Theory of Polarity, 1927, page 199
Sainsbury also wrote the following:

1922: Polarity (a 48 page pamphlet printed & published for the author in a limited edition of 500 copies by the Favil press). Can be downloaded in various formats from . Also available as a .PDF .
1928: The Pursuit of a Reasonable World (New Adelphi).
1933: The Dictatorship of Things (London, Methuen & Co. Ltd., x, 166 p. 20 cm., on the application of materialism to social problems),

What could have been achieved in mathematics had the mathematician been hampered by the belief that plus was better than minus? Where would physics be if its adepts had to cope with some such feeling as that motion was better than matter? The Theory of Polarity
My words do not contain the truth — they point towards it. The Theory of Polarity
The first, and some would say the greatest, achievement of your own "Western" culture was the conceiving of two ideals of conduct, both essential to the spirit's well-being. , delighting in the truth for its own sake and not merely for practical ends, glorified unbiased thinking, honesty of mind and speech. , delighting in the actual human persons around him, and in that flavour of divinity which, for him, pervaded the world, stood for unselfish love of neighbours and of God. Socrates woke to the ideal of dispassionate intelligence, Jesus to the ideal of passionate yet self-oblivious worship. Socrates urged , Jesus . Each, of course, though starting with a different emphasis, involved the other.
Unfortunately both these ideals demanded of the human brain a degree of and of which the nervous system of the First Men was never really capable. For many centuries these twin stars enticed the more precociously human of human animals, in vain. And the failure to put these ideals in practice helped to engender in the race a cynical lassitude which was one cause of its decay. Last and First Men Psychological Types, or, The Psychology of Individuation. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1933. People grow through experience if they meet life and . This is how character is built. My Day radio serial
Faster than a speeding bullet! More powerful than a locomotive! Able to leap tall buildings in a single bound! ("Look! Up in the sky!" "It's a bird!" "It's a plane!" "It's Superman!") Yes, Superman strange visitor from another planet, who came to Earth with powers and abilities far beyond those of mortal men! Superman who can change the course of mighty rivers, bend steel in his bare hands, and who, disguised as Clark Kent, mild-mannered reporter for a great metropolitan newspaper, fights a never-ending battle for , , and the American way! The jingoist phrase "and the American Way" was only tacked on to the Superman introduction during the McCarthy era, and has seemed increasingly inappropriate ever since. The Structure of Personality, in J. McV. Hunt, Personality and the Behavior Disorders, 1944, I, p.6. (See table of typological systems.)
In philosophy ever since the time of Pythagoras there has been an opposition between the men whose thought was mainly inspired by and those who were more influenced by the . Plato, Thomas Aquinas, Spinoza, and Kant belong to what may be called the mathematical party; Democritus, Aristotle, and the modern empiricists from Locke onwards, belong to the opposite party. A History of Western Philosophy, page 828
As we reflect on the course of psychology down through the ages, we see that three great trends of thought have dominated its historical development from the days of the Greeks They are: the tradition of Democritus which is the spirit of ; the tradition of Plato which is in its outlook; and the tradition of Aristotle which is a combination of the two Between these extremes [of Democritus and Plato] there is a doctrine and a tradition which is empiric or objective and idealistic or subjective at the same time; which has the authentic ring of common sense, yet is profound in its analysis of reality If we are looking for an idea that expresses the central aspect of philosophic psychology, then the concept of man as a creature composed of body and soul is as faultless as any For one who shares with Aquinas the view that man is a single substance, made up of contrasted psychic and somatic elements, there can be no idealistic fear that psychology will end by materializing the spirit of man; just as there can be no positivistic fear that psychology will vanish into the realm of the unknowable by dematerializing the body of man The first mistake [of modern psychology] is in the point of view that the sole subject matter of scientific psychology is either consciousness and its phenomena, or behavior and its phenomena. Obviously the Cartesian wedge is still doing its work effectively when it can divide investigators into such widely opposed camps. A dichotomy of this sort not only fails to recognize the difference between the psychological, as such, and the physiological; but it also fails to see that man reconciles both within the depths of his human nature Thus under the influence of Kant, on the one hand, and of Comte, on the other, the scientists have been completely bogged down by their special preferences, either for the informations of subjective consciousness alone, or for the data of objective behavior alone Finally, let me urge once more the point that not every philosophy is useful to the science of psychology, but only that analysis which expounds the truth of human nature. Such, I take it, is the analysis which was formulated over two thousand years ago by Aristotle, which was subsequently taken over, refined, and developed by Aquinas, and which is now known as the "traditional psychology". This is the position which denies the idealistic creed that psychology is nothing but a philosophy of spirit: and, with equal vigor, denies the positivistic position that psychology is simply a physiological discipline. , [1945, Macmillan] contrasts and types with those of Kretschmer:
The is basically good-natured and sociable, a person who swings from cheerfulness to depression. The is basically humorless and unsocial, a person who has warring within him at the same time shyness, oversensitive refined feeling, and insensitive, dull-witted, and sulky affectivity. It should be emphasized that these cycloid and schizoid traits are, on the one hand, transitional developments short of their clearly abnormal counterparts, and, on the other hand, not necessarily related to the healthy biotypes Kretschmer designated as and . Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1946, p. 460
Through their own conduct [people] often lock themselves out of the best that is within them. Only afterward do they realize how poor they have become. They have cut themselves off from the world of and within them So many people have to bear this burden. It is what makes them lose heart. They pass a garden and know that the flowers blossoming in it are no longer for them. quoted in Thoughts for Our Times, Peter Pauper Press, 1975 Personality. New York: Harper, 1947. (See Chapter 25) Dimensions in Personality, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1947.
There are two types of people — those who come into a room and say, "Well, here am!" and those who come in and say, "Ah, there are." contrasts Expansivitaet and Defensivitaet, Angriffslust and Genussucht, Empfaenglichkeit and Sinnlichkeit. (In German orthography these are Expansivität and Defensivität, Angriffslust and Genußsucht, Empfänglichkeit and Sinnlichkeit.) Efforts to clarify human typology continue to be ensnared in semantic nonsense. Consider as but one example the following abuse of type terminology:
type, reversal. Abraham and Jones use this expression for persons with a tendency to act in a way contrary to normal. They may express contrary opinions, though they know them to be illogical; they may dress 'out of style'; they may enumerate irrelevant items, etc. Psychiatric Dictionary, Fourth Edition, p. 797
People who talk this way are but one step removed from people who talk about New York types, or feminist types, or "those Jews," or "those Blacks." Their attitude reduces typological analysis to an opportunity to marginalize those who aren't acceptible in polite society or whose distress can be used to exploit the naiveté of insurance companies. Remember: To be normal means only to be diseased to an average degree.
The old man chuckled. "The things we do are all mixed together, good and bad, wise and unwise, like grain on the threshing floor. As it is being trampled under the feet of bullocks or ponies it seems a hopeless mess. Then in a light breeze it is winnowed, the chaff blows away, and we see the clean brown grain fill bag after bag. It gives us and to face the next season, confident that we can separate the good from the bad with a more skillful hand." The Lost Kingdom Extroversion-introversion as a dimension of personality: a reappraisal. Psychol. Bull., 1960, 57, 329-360.
"We're trying to sum up what's been worth while in our life together," I said.
"May I know what it's been?" asked the doctor. Then Rhea managed to answer, though out of breath as if she'd been running hard along the lake shore.
"It's easy, Doctor. Just two seven-letter worlds is all. We've tried for and ." The Sweeping Wind, page 245 [1909-1985]
Uses polarity in to develop a consistent and coherent description of human nature in its entirety. In , claims that a son will always polarize with his father and a daughter with her mother.
Paul describes four levels of / polarity:

Neurological polarity: (sense / motility) is a billion years old.
Gender polarity: (female / male) is five hundred million years old.
Psychological polarity: (, ) is ten to a hundred thousand years old.
Cultural polarity: East and West, Germany and France.

Paul uses:

everyday words: / ,
old words with new meanings: / , and
psychiatric jargon: / and / (i. e. manic-depressive).
In an early essay he alludes to the work of Kretschmer and Harriman:
The love, or yielding, character is introspective or . The power, or assertive character, is extrovertive or . Schizoid is a psychiatric term based on the tendency of yielding individuals to withdraw into a world of thoughts; cyclothymic refers to the mood swings common in assertive persons.
Paul describes in detail the ordinary world of human reality in which ordinary people find themselves. His theories are simple, despite a sometimes academic style. The Two Hands of God: The Myths of Polarity. George Braziller, 1963. Behaviorism and Phenomenology: Contrasting Bases for Modern Psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964. An empirical investigation of the Jungian typology. Brit. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol., 1966, 5, 108-117.
One of the great problems of history is that the concepts of and have usually been contrasted as opposites, polar opposites, so that love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love Now we got to get this thing right. What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and the love without power is sentimental and anemic. from "Where Do We Go From Here?", delivered on August 16, 1967, his last address to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference before his assassination. Weyrmman, watch; weyrman, learn. Something new in every Turn. Oldest may be coldest, too. Sense the ; find the ! Dragonrider, 1967 founds the modern version of . A factor analytic investigation of the personality typology of C. G. Jung. Diss. Abst., 1968, 28, (10-B), 4277-4278.
Well, that's the news from Lake Wobegon, where all the women are , all the men are , and all the children are above average. satirizing heterosexism, in the "News from Lake Wobegon" segment of his weekly Prairie Home Companion radio program.
It was my original discovery in the fall of 1967 that basically, there are two personality types and only four feelings. I call the personality division, Controlled and Withdrawn, to describe how each person handles fear. If he is a , he defends himself by controlling or confronting the situation; if he is a he tends to withdraw, to manipulate or run from a confrontation.
— The Heterosexuals are Coming: The Fusion Strategy

That this book is timely is indisputable; that this book will become a hallmark in the annals on human behavior will be irrefutable.
— Gerald E. Rubacky, M.D.
Not big on humility, this one. Polaritat; Ihre Bedeutung fur die Philosophie der Modernen Physik, Biologie und Psychologie [Polarity: Its Significance in the Philosophy of Modern Physics, Biology and Psychology]. Berlin: Dunker & Humbolt, 1972.
Polarität als Weltgesetz und Lebensprinzip (Series: Abhandlungen der Humboldt-Gesellschaft für Wissenschaft, Kunst, und Bildung e. V., Volume: 3) edited by Gudrun Höhl und Herbert Kessler Mannheim, 1974
can only be concealed by , and the lie can only be maintained by violence. Any man who has once proclaimed violence as his method is inevitably forced to take the lie as his principle. As quoted in "Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record" (1974), edited by Leopold Labedz
The history of discourse on the human character may be summarized under two great headings: and . Beneath the former we find naturalism, Stoicism, materialism, and, ultimately, scientific determinism and logical positivism. Below the latter are the near opposites of these: spiritualism, idealism, transcendentalism, psychological indeterminism, and Romanticism. Every century or so the terms change but the essential positions remain stubbornly constant. In the Hellenistic period, the controversy was over the reality of the Platonic IDEAS. Among the Scholastics, this controversy surfaced in the form of the NOMINALIST-REALIST antagonism. In the individualistic climate of the Renaissance, it becomes a battle between neo-Platonists and Aristotelians. In the twentieth century, the labels are "Behaviorism" and "Mentalism"; in the eighteenth and nineteenth, "Empiricism" and "Idealism." An Intellectual History of Psychology
Far back in the mists of ancient time, in the great and glorious days of the former Galactic Empire, life was wild, rich and largely tax free. Mighty starships plied their way between exotic suns, seeking adventure and reward among the furthest reaches of Galactic space. In those days spirits were brave, the stakes were high, men were real men, women were real women and small furry creatures from Alpha Centauri were real small furry creatures from Alpha Centauri. satirizing heterosexism in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Unleash the .
You know, so much of the time we're just lost. We say, "Please, God, tell us what is ; tell us what is ." And there is no justice: the rich win, the poor are powerless. We become tired of hearing people lie. And after a time, we become dead a little dead. We think of ourselves as victims and we become victims. We become we become weak. We doubt ourselves, we doubt our beliefs. We doubt our institutions. And we doubt the law. But today you are the law. You ARE the law. Not some book not the lawyers not the, a marble statue or the trappings of the court. See those are just symbols of our desire to be just. They are they are, in fact, a prayer: a fervent and a frightened prayer. In my religion, they say, "Act as if ye had faith and faith will be given to you." IF if we are to have faith in justice, we need only to believe in ourselves. And ACT with justice. See, I believe there is justice in our hearts. Paul Newman as Frank Galvin in the 1982 film "The Verdict" giving his summation to the jury, based on the book by Barry Reed
People from my country believe — and rightly so — that the only thing separating man from the animals is mindless and pointless . Latka Gravis as played by Andy Kaufman, from episode 21 of season 4 of TAXI, "The Wedding of Latka and Simka", written by Howard Gewirtz and Ian Praiser (3/25/1982).
Reunited, the families enjoyed the simple pleasures of being together, having learned something they already knew: that , loyalty and are the strongest forces in the universe. "The Ewok Adventure"

In the Western Desert they found an inscription. An officer in the Roman army years and years ago, serving in the Western Desert, had reached the conclusion that there were two things in life that you could pursue — and — and no one could pursue both. in an conversation with William F. Buckley on Firing Line, #705, "The Prospect of Death", which was taped taped September 14, 1986 in Sussex, England.

Machievelli is the first thinker in my opinion who made it clear that there are two kinds of morality in modern society: there is a pagan morality of virtù, of energy, vigorous self-assertion, , Stoic resistance to pain and misfortune, republican boldness, civic patriotism, as in the Roman Republic and the early Empire. The other morality is that of the Christian virtues — humility, unworldliness, preparation for the other world, and in this one, belief in the holiness of sacrifice, of being on the side of the victim not of the victors. Conversations with Isaiah Berlin, page 44
I think that the problems of the world and of humanity cannot be solved without . However, I also believe that one should be at the same time.
It is true that the politician at the moment of his actions or if he explains his actions and justifies them cannot provide at the same time also great philosophy. But if he acts without philosophical and ethical foundations, he is in danger of making mistakes. He is in danger to sink into opportunism. He is even in danger of being a charlatan. Weggefährten - Erinnerungen und Reflexionen, Siedler-Verlag Berlin 1996, S. 54,
The Personality Compass: A New Way to Understand People shows that there are four types of personality: North, East, West and South. These are obviously related to the four nucleotides in DNA, four of the blood types, and loads of other wacky, entertaining and correlative factoids.
"Easy! Accurate! Fun!" — front cover
"Idiotic nonsense for nonsensical idiots." — Dean Hannotte
Ice Age people had the same capacity for thought as we do. They became philosophers when they started to think about the two problems that remain central to philosophy to this day: the problem of telling from falsehood and the problem of telling from wrong. Ideas that Shaped Mankind - A Concise History of Human Thought, an electronic course. Originally prepared by in 1988
with contributions from in 2007